Albania is a country of origin, a significant country of transit, and to a lesser extent, of destination, for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation. Albanian women and girls are trafficked to Western Europe, Central and Eastern European women are trafficked largely through the countries of the former Yugoslavia to Albania and onto Western Europe, and Albanian children (especially boys) are trafficked for forced labor, mainly street begging, drug dealing, and washing the windows of cars, in particular to Greece and Italy[1]. Reports indicate that there are at least 2,000 Albanian children in Greece and up to 6,000 in Italian orphanages[2]. It has also been estimated that around 100,000 Albanian women and girls have been trafficked to Western Europe over the past 10 years[3]. Most of the trafficked women and girls are younger than 25 years of age and are lured by promises of legitimate jobs.[4] According to estimates of aid agencies, 30,000 Albanian women are currently engaged in prostitution across Europe, comprising almost one percent of the Albanian population[5].
Countries of destination for Albanian girls and women include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, and increasingly, the United Kingdom. According to one human rights group’s report in 1998, more than 8,000 Albanian girls and women were in prostitution in Italy. In 2000, that number had increased to 20,000. According to official Albanian approximates cited elsewhere, that number in 2002 was 33,000, with estimates for all of Western Europe increasing to 40,000[6]. An Albanian police official estimates that 30 to 40 percent of these women and girls were kidnapped and forced into prostitution. Of these, 40 percent are believed to be minors. An additional 5,000 Albanian women and girls are believed to be in prostitution in Greece, including 700 minors. Another 250 women and children in prostitution may be found in Austria, and 180 may be found in France. More were found in Britain, Germany, and Switzerland[7]. Foreign girls are trafficked through Albania mostly from Romania and Moldova, with lesser numbers coming from Bulgaria and Ukraine, and Russia[8]. The recruiters are often friends, relatives, or acquaintances of the women. A study of third country national trafficking victims carried out in Albania by IOM and ICMC in 2001, found this to be the case with 66% of the women they interviewed[9]. According to some recent evidence, the strong patriarchal traditions in Albania appear to have decreased the number of Albanian girls and women trafficked, while the number of Central and Eastern European girls victimized has increased[10]. At the same time, evidence from the port town of Vlorë has revealed a potential upward trend in the number of victims. In 1999, the staff of a shelter interviewed 136 girls for repatriated Albanian girls situated in the town, compared to 267 in 2000, 428 in 2001, and 67 in the first two months of 2002. However, the higher numbers could also be attributed to the improvement in the authorities’ ability to deal with the issue[11]. According to official government figures, in 2000 and 2001, 437 women were repatriated to Albania. In 40% of these cases, the women stated that they had been forced into prostitution. In 2000, IOM/ICMC sheltered and returned home 125 women, thirteen percent of whom were girls under the age of 18. In 60% of the cases, the girls were from the Republic of Moldova, and 30% from Romania. Between January and November of 2001, 60 foreign women were sheltered in the ICMC shelter in Tiranë, and were assisted by IOM to return home[12]. The main trafficking routes from Central and Eastern Europe to Albania follow the drug and arms smuggling routes, through Romania, Serbia and Montenegro or the FYR Macedonia, and onto Western Europe[13]. From Romania and Moldova the most common routes are through Iasi-Timisoara or Galati in Romania on to Oravita and Moldova Noua and into Serbia, crossing the river by boat or passing by car through the border crossing. Girls then proceed to Belgrade or straight to Montenegro by train or car[14]. Shkodër in the north of Albania is the main transit town on the route from Montenegro, and Korçë is the main transit point for traffic from FYR Macedonia[15]. In these towns, women are generally bought and sold (with similar markets in Berat, Elbasan, Fier, and Tiranë)[16], and sent to the ports of Vlorë and Durrës, from which speedboats take them across the Adriatic Sea to the Italian coast[17]. Women from Albania and the former Yugoslavia are trafficked for prostitution to the United Kingdom. They are hidden by Albanian mafia networks in trucks ferried from Belgian ports of Ostend and Zeebrugge to the British ports of Hull and Purfleet in Essex[18]. Albanian children are taken by foot across the mountains into Greece or in the backs of trucks across the Albanian-Greek border, often with “false” mothers[19]. Poverty and the economic disparity between Albania and the richer, nearby countries is a major factor in the proliferation of trafficking. “The most “at risk ” groups are children (under 18) from poor and ill-educated families.[20] The poor economic situation makes many very vulnerable to false promises of jobs abroad. In particular, Albanian women and girls are targeted. Many are trafficked from the towns of Berat, Fier, Lushnje, Shkodër and Vlorë. Particularly in the north, Albanian men have been known to marry women and girls under false pretenses, taking them abroad to work as prostitutes. Trafficked women are usually unmarried, recruited through false promises of marriage (or employment), and taken to Italy in particular by a family member or a fiancé[21]. Children have been kidnapped from orphanages. Children from poor and ill-educated families face the greatest risk, as do women and girls in remote and mountainous areas, where increased media attention and stories of returnees have been less widely disseminated[22]. The large-scale migration of young men from villages to the cities and abroad to Greece and Italy has made women more willing to do the same, due to fewer possibilities for marriage, making them more vulnerable to traffickers’ offers[23]. The number of girls attending high school has dropped as a result of families fearing the trafficking of their daughters. It has been estimated that in some areas, as much as 90% of girls do not receive a high school education, as families fear abduction of their girls on the way to school[24]. The age range of Albanian women vulnerable to being trafficked for prostitution is between 15 to 35 years old, however minors constitute a disproportionately large number[25]. According to a report conducted by Save the Children, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and the International Catholic Migration Commission, which was based on interviews with 125 women, 60% of Albanians trafficked for prostitution are children. Of those trafficked, almost 60 percent are tricked into prostitution, whereas 35% are abducted. Other research indicates that up to 80% are girls less than 18 years of age[26]. In 1997 traffickers were intercepted in Southern Albania who had kidnapped 2 girls, ages 14-15[27]. In 2000, an NGO reported that 70% of 219 Albanian prostitutes they interviewed were between the ages of 14-17 (with 68% from rural areas)[28]. In another investigation, out of 87 women since 1998 identified as victims of trafficking in the Puke district of Albania, 80% were children, the majority between 16 and 17 years of age[29]. NGOs and police have reported trafficking of girls between the ages of twelve and fourteen[30]. Up to 40% of Albanian prostitutes in Italy are minors[31]. The overwhelmingly young profile of girls trafficked from Albania in comparison with other nationalities has been attributed to the culture of early marriage in rural areas[32]. Although they come from all over the country, Albanian children trafficked for forced labour are mostly from the towns of Berat, Korçë, Fier, Elbasan, and Tiranë. They are often from dysfunctional, impoverished families, and have either dropped out of school to support their families, or had not been attending school at all. The age range of children vulnerable to trafficking is between 0-15, with girls as young as 12 reportedly being re-sold into prostitution, in particular in Greece. Many of the trafficked children are of Roma origin, although not exclusively[33]. Anecdotal evidence exists of traffic in organs, as reported by children returning from Greece, in Greek newspapers, and has been corroborated by some NGOs. There are also reports of children being used in pornography, prostitution, and being mutilated to become more profitable as beggars[34]. Albanian organized crime groups are often in charge of the trafficking of women and children to, through, and from Albania. The pimps are frequently part of larger organized networks, which also deal in arms and drug smuggling[35]. An overnight Italian law enforcement operation sweeping six regions of the country resulted in the arrest of twenty-nine Albanian and Sicilian Mafiosi, charged with forcing women into prostitution, trafficking in immigrants and drugs between Albania and Italy, and possession of weapons[36]. The United Kingdom has also seen an increase in Albanian mafia activity. Along with Russian, Ukrainian, and Chinese mafia, Albanian organized crime has been implicated in trafficking women for prostitution to Britain through Prague[37]. The Albanian mafia is now thought to dominate the Soho sex scene in London, and it reportedly controls the 70 ‘walk-up’ flats (used as brothels) in that area. Within a year, the Albanian mafia network has also taken control of the majority the area’s saunas and massage parlors. Eastern European immigrants are said to account for 60% of the staff of the brothels raided in one operation in the area[38]. Many had been forced into prostitution. Increasingly, Albanian women are becoming traffickers themselves, and in many cases, local men and women living in border areas are heavily engaged in the trafficking process[39]. Police and other official corruption are attributed to facilitating the continuation of the operation of traffickers with a high level of impunity. Albania’s strong organized crime network, as well as the rampant corruption within the government, has provided a structure that permits traffickers to carry out their activities. Eleven out of 125 trafficked women interviewed in Albania stated they had been escorted by the police along the way, accompanied by police at border crossings, and NGOs have reported that the police in the communities often know names of local persons involved in trafficking[40]. Police officials have been reported to rape women in custody, to fail to provide a choice of lawyers, to charge them with crimes such as illegal entry and prostitution, to deport them rather than informing organizations such as UNHCR, and failing to punish the pimps and traffickers. The OSCE, the Albanian Helsinki Committee, and the Albanian Human Rights Group complained in one case to Albanian authorities regarding the duration of pretrial detention of a group of six women from Moldova and Romania in a center in Tiranë, where they had been held for over six months[41]. In 2001, Amnesty International noted that Albanian police were taking stronger actions against victims of trafficking than against the traffickers themselves. According to the director of a shelter in Vlorë for repatriated Albanian prostitutes, in the year 2000, police detained 428 prostitutes but only two of their so-called "protectors[42]”. In 2000, former Albanian president Sali Berisha accused his country’s leaders of facilitating trafficking between Albania and Italy. His remarks were targeted at the former defense minister, the present security adviser, and the present speaker of parliament.[43] In March 2002, however, the Albanian parliament adopted a motion to dismiss Attorney General Arben Rakipi after the opposition accused him of involvement in a prostitution ring and immigrant smuggling. Sali Berisha, who now heads the opposition, claimed that "under the protection of Rakipi, nearly 30,000 young Albanian women have been sold like slaves while at least 400 have drowned in the Adriatic, victims of this trade in humanity." He also accused the Attorney General of links with organized crime[44]. Only a minority of arrested traffickers in Albania receives prison sentences, with corruption of police and judiciary cited as one reason for the failure in generating higher numbers of prosecutions[45]. According to the field stations of OSCE, out of 150 persons arrested in relation to trafficking between March and November 2001, charges were pressed against only 10%. Three persons were charged with trafficking and received sentences of 7 and 9 years in prison[46]. In November 2001, in conjunction with the Task Force Against Trafficking, the Albanian police engaged in an extensive two-day raid against traffickers in Vlorë[47]. According to an Albanian police statement, close to 300 people were detained, with 81 charged with abduction and selling of women into prostitution, as well as drug, vehicle, and arms smuggling. In addition, the police confiscated motorboats that were being used for trafficking, arresting their owners.[48] In August 2002, an Albanian couple was arrested by Italian police in the Italian port of Pescara for smuggling 36 children from Albania to Italy between the months of March 2001 and March 2002. The couple is being charged with kidnapping and falsifying documents, as they allegedly used the residence documents of their own three children to smuggle the others into the country. The couple is suspected to be a part of a larger trafficking ring operating between Albania and Italy.[49]
In June 2002, a British court in London found an Albanian man guilty of rape, indecent assault, and living off prostitution between the months of July and December 2001. This man had bought the 15-year-old Romanian girl and he had been forcing her into prostitution.[50] In May 2002, Italian police arrested 60 Albanian nationals in Genoa, breaking up a prostitution ring linked to the mafia. The arrests were a result of an investigation dating back to 1999, in which several prostitutes collaborated with the police. The men are to face charges of forcing women into prostitution, drug and arms trafficking among others.[51] In January 2002, Greek police arrested two Albanian men for forcibly detaining a 21-year-old Albanian woman with her two children, ages two and four, in an Athens apartment. The woman had been abducted from her home in Tiranë in November 2001, and was forced into prostitution in Greece.[52] Also in January 2002, French police in Paris and Orleans detained eight Albanian men. They were suspected of forcing nearly 50 Eastern European women into prostitution, keeping them under the threat of violence. The French police reported that these arrests put an end to a long-running prostitution racket in France’s Loire Valley. The men had allegedly entered France on false documents, and taken over the women after a group of Bulgarian pimps had been arrested the previous year. The profits were taken from the women and were sent to Albania by the pimps.[53] Between January and September of 2001, the Albanian Public Order Ministry registered 46 cases of people smuggling, and 92 people were penally prosecuted, on suspicion of being involved in trafficking. Within the same time frame, 257 vessels with about 7,000 people on board that were attempting to reach the Italian coast were turned back by Albanian police in cooperation with the Italian mission of Guardia di Finanza[54]. In November and December of 2001, the Albanian police also destroyed four people smuggling networks, all originating in Turkey, with two continuing through Greece onto Italy, and two following longer routes, through Bulgaria, Romania, Macedonia, Kosovo and through Albania to reach the shores of Italy.[55] The operation was carried out in cooperation with Italian Interforze, and hit 34 cases of people smuggling, arresting 60 people.[56] In April 2001, Italian police arrested more than 100 men suspected of running an international prostitution ring. Most of the suspects are reported to be Albanian, and they are believed to have forced hundreds of young women from Albania, Eastern Europe, and South America, into prostitution. The suspects have been charged with homicide, membership in organized crime groups, trafficking in drugs and people, and extortion.[57] In 2000, Italian police arrested 69 Albanians involved in a prostitution ring in central and south Italy. The organization is involved in prostitution and trafficking drugs. The operation involved 600 policemen in four regions.[58] Also in 2001, three Albanian brothers were arrested in Belgium for selling Moldovan women. One girl was sold in Moldova for US$70, and then again in Belgium for US$5,000, where she had arrived after having spent some time in Albania.[59] In 2000, IOM received three women in Bucharest who had been trafficked to Albania. In the last year, IOM Bucharest assisted 205 trafficked women and girls, 25 percent of who were minors. All of them had been forced into prostitution in nightclubs and bars throughout the Balkan region. Nearly 50 percent of them came from the northeast region of Romania. The women reported that they had been told they would work as waitresses.[60] In 1999, UNICEF reported that Albanian gangs were abducting Kosovar refugee girls and trafficking them to brothels in Italy, where they are sold for US$10,000 each. The gangs have developed a reputation for being among the most ruthless criminal networks involved in trafficking in the world.[61] In November 2001, a shelter for victims who have decided to provide evidence against their traffickers was opened in Fier. The same year, a center was also opened in Vlorë by a local NGO Vlorë Women’s Hearth, and sponsored by USAID and Save the Children. The center offers refuge to Albanian and foreign victims of trafficking.[62] Another shelter was opened in Vlorë in February 2002 by IOM, this one specifically for girls of Albanian nationality who are victims of trafficking.[63] In April 2002, the Albanian Ministry of Public Order signed an agreement with the Ministry of Social Affairs, committing to the refurbishing of former military barracks on the outskirts of Tiranë and transforming them into shelters for victims of trafficking.[64] In May 2002, the Ministry of Public Order also signed an agreement with IOM concerning the creation of a center for illegal migrants, to be guarded and managed by the Albanian government.[65] In June 2001, by order of the Prime Minister of Albania, the Ministry of Public Order was authorized to create an inter-ministerial working group to prepare a National Strategy to combat trafficking. The group included representatives from Ministries of Education, Labor and Social Affairs, Justice, the General Prosecutor’s Office among others. In November 2001, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs organized a governmental conference on trafficking, at which the draft of the National Strategy was also presented. It was approved in December of 2001 by the Parliament, and resulted in the establishment of the State Committee to Combat Trafficking, as well as the creation of the Anti-Trafficking Unit within the police sector.[66] In February 2001, the Albanian government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with OSCE, UNHCR, IOM and ICMC, requiring the police to inform UNHCR of all foreign female illegal migrants. Those that are identified by UNHCR as having been trafficked are referred to IOM, which helps them repatriate if they are willing to do so.[67] IOM has also conducted counter trafficking training of police beginning in September 2001, and has trained about 156 policemen, including those from the Anti-Trafficking Task Force. This training has now been integrated into the academic curriculum of the Police Training Institute.[68] UNHCHR and OSCE/ODIHR developed original teaching materials on counter trafficking and violence against women matters, as well as witness protection, for a Training of Trainers programme “Policing the Rights of Women,” which was organised for the teaching staff at the Police Training Institute and the Police Academy in Tirana. The OSCE mission in Albania with the National Network against Gender Violence in collaboration with IOM implemented the project.[69] Just recently, the Albanian government is taking a more pro-active role in combating trafficking of persons. The new anti-trafficking articles (113 and 114) increased the punishment for trafficking, from 10 to 25 years of imprisonment, and for trafficking in children from 15 to 25 years. They also introduced a new definition of trafficking, which is in compliance with the Palermo Protocol’s definition. The current legislation provides sanctions for criminal offences related directly or indirectly to trafficking in human beings. These criminal offences include trafficking in human beings, in women for prostitution and in children; illegal crossing of the border and assistance in illegal border crossing; exploitation of prostitution, including incitement, intermediation or profit from prostitution; conducting prostitution; exploitation of prostitution in aggravated circumstances involving minors or people incited or forced to exercise prostitution outside of Albania by criminal organisations; the maintenance, exploitation, financing and renting out of premises for prostitution; kidnapping a person or particularly a child under the age of 14; removal of identification papers; and commission of criminal offences in collusion with armed criminal organisations. There are also provisions for the confiscation of property used to commit a crime, the deportation of foreigners involved in criminal offences, and for compensation for civil damages to victims of crime. The new articles use terminology, which is not clearly defined and is not used in other parts of the Penal Code. This will allow flexibility in interpretation of the law, unless clear guidelines for the judges are available to make the law applicable. There is no law in Albania governing witness protection.[70] Internationally, Interior ministers from Albania, Italy, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia and Montenegro signed an agreement to fight against terrorism and organized crime. "Seven Adriatic and Ionian countries agreed to coordinate police operations to prevent illegal trafficking across the region to Italy and other Western European countries," Avni Jasharllari, a chief Albanian anti-trafficking police official, told United Press International Sunday. "International police experts in Vlora are working hard to destroy all networks, by directly targeting them at their country of origin," said Jasharllari. Albanian, Italian and Greek police now cooperate more easily at sea and on land, following the center's opening, he said.[71] Albania has ratified the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention (105) on the Abolition of Forced Labor; the ILO Convention (182) to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor; and the United Nations (UN) Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. Albania also signed the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.
However, Albania has not ratified the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography or the UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. International Treaty Updates:
OP-SC no action still
MWC no action still??
CEDAW ratified 11 May 1994
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified 27 February 1992 [1] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “International Groups Survey Human Trafficking in Eight Southeast European Countries” Associated Press Worldstream, June 29, 2002. [2] Bita, N. “Innocents for Sale”, The Australian, September 5, 2002; “Balkans: Peacekeepers fuelling Sex-: Women, Children Enslaved as Prostitutes in Eastern Europe” Trade Traffic Report, The Financial Post, July 24, 2002. [3] (G.J. Koja, "8000 Albanian Girls Work as Prostitutes in Italy," HURINet – The Human Rights Information Network, 25 July 1998); ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [4] “A Single Market in Crime,” Economist, 16–22 October 1999. [5] “Albania: Breaking Cycle of Prostitution”, Balkan Crisis Report, No 332, April 19, 2002 [6] Albania – New Shelter Opens as Trafficking on the rise http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/02/15022002105425.asp [7] “More than 14,000 Albanian Women Are Working as Prostitutes in Europe,” Agence France Presse, 18 July 1998. [8] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “International Groups Survey Human Trafficking in Eight Southeast European Countries” Associated Press Worldstream, June 29, 2002 [9] IOM-ICMC study on Third Country Nationals, June 2002 [10]“International Groups Survey Human Trafficking in Eight Southeast European Countries” Associated Press Worldstream, June 29, 2002 [11] Albania – New Shelter Opens as Trafficking on the rise http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/02/15022002105425.asp [12] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “International Groups Survey Human Trafficking in Eight Southeast European Countries” Associated Press Worldstream, June 29, 2002. [13] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [14] Third Country Nationals Trafficking IOM-ICMC [15] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “Albania: Counter Trafficking Research”, Press Briefing Notes, IOM, 19 July 2002. [16] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [17] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [18] "British note Albanian refugee smuggling," UPI, 7 April 1998. [19] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [20] “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Daniel Renton, March 2001, http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/trafficking/onlinearticles.html [21] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [22] “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Daniel Renton, March 2001, http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/trafficking/onlinearticles.html. [23] “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Daniel Renton, March 2001, http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/trafficking/onlinearticles.html. [24] “Albanian Blamed for ‘Major Role’ in Human Trafficking,” Albanian Daily News, 19 April 2001; ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [25] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [26] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [27] "Two Traffickers of Young Women Detained," Human Rights Network, 5 September 1997. [28] “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Daniel Renton, March 2001, http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/trafficking/onlinearticles.html. [29] “Child Trafficking in Albania”, Daniel Renton, March 2001, http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/trafficking/onlinearticles.html. [30] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [31] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [32] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [33] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [34] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [35] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [36] “Police Smashes Italian-Albanian Prostitution Criminal Organization” XINHUA GENERAL NEWS SERVICE, March 14, 2002. [37] “UK Experts Sent to new Front Line in War on Mafia”, The Independent (London), January 22, 2002. [38] “How Greer Lost the Plot over Dream OZ Hideaway, “ The Evening Standard (London), February 5, 2002; “Migrants “Boosting Spread of Sex Trade in Towns”, The Times (London), June 4, 2002. [39] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “Refuge from the sex slave traders”, The Irish Times, April 14, 2001. [40] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “Sex-Slave Trade Fluorishes in the Balkans: Report” Agence France Presse, January 15, 2002; IOM-ICMC Trafficking Third Country Nationals [41] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [42] Albania – New Shelter Opens as Trafficking on the rise http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/02/15022002105425.asp [43] Tirana Masterminding Trafficking between Albania, Italy; Ex-president,” Agence France Presse, 26 July 2000. [44] “ Albanian Parliament Votes to Dismiss Attorney General”, Agence France Presse, March 19, 2002 [45] “Albania: Counter Trafficking Research”, Press Briefing Notes, IOM, 19 July 2002; ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [46] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002. [47] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002; “Sex-Slave Trade Fluorishes in the Balkans: Report” Agence France Presse, January 15, 2002. [48] “Albanian Police take action against Illegal Trafficking” XINHUA GENERAL NEWS SERVICE, November 6, 2001. [49] “Albanian Couple Arrested in Connection with 36 Missing Children”, Associated Press Worldstream, August 29, 2002 [50] Reflex Action Against Human Traffickers, BC News, June 25, 2002 [51] “Italian Police Bust Prostitution Ring, Arrest 60”, Agence France Presse, May 24, 2002 [52] “Greek Police Save Albanian Woman from Forced Prostitution” Agence France Presse, January 5, 2002 [53] “Eight Albanians Detained for Pimping in France”, Agence France Presse, January 31, 2002 [54] Albanian authorities prosecute 92 for people-smuggling this year”, ATA news agency, Tirana, in English 1515 gmt 20 Oct 01 [55] “Albanian Police Report Four People Trafficking Networks Destroyed” BBC Monitoring Europe, December 3, 2001 [56] “Albanian Police Report Four People Trafficking Networks Destroyed” BBC Monitoring Europe, December 3, 2001 [57] “Italian Police Bust Sex Slave Ring,” BBC, 9 April 2001. [58] “Italy Arrests Dozens of Albanians in Prostitution Ring,” Albanian Daily News, 21 June 2000. [59] “Women for Retail”, www.og.ru http://www.protectionproject.org/daily_news/2001/ne105.htm [60] International Organization for Migration Press Briefing Notes, 27 February 2001 [61] Lori Montgomery, “Albanians Sell Kosovo Women into Prostitution,” Miami Herald, 30 May 1999.] [62] Third Country Nationals Victims of Trafficking [63] Albania – New Shelter Opens as Trafficking on the rise http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/02/15022002105425.asp [64] Third Country Nationals Victims of Trafficking [65] Third Country Nationals Victims of Trafficking [66] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002, Third Country Nationals Victims of Trafficking [67] “Albanian Council of Ministers Adopts National Strategy Against Trafficking”, BBC Worldwide Monitoring, December 8, 2001, Saturday [68] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [69] Albania – New Shelter Opens as Trafficking on the rise http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/02/15022002105425.asp [70] ”Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe”, Report by Barbara Limanowska for UNICEF, UNOHCHR and ODIHR. Published by UNICEF, June 2002 [71] “Analysis: Balkans Crack Down on Smugglers”, United Press International. May 12, 2002??
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